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Miniopterus brachytragos
''Miniopterus brachytragos'' is a bat in the genus ''Miniopterus'' that occurs in northern and western Madagascar. Populations of this species have historically been included in ''Miniopterus manavi'', but molecular data published in 2008 and 2009 indicate this supposed species in fact consists of five separate species, including the newly described ''M. brachytragos''. Up to four species of this group may occur in the same place. ''M. brachytragos'' has been found in dry and wet forests from sea level to altitude.
''Miniopterus brachytragos'' is a small, brown ''Miniopterus''; its forearm length is . The hairs of the underparts have buff tips. The short tragus (a projection in the outer ear) is an important distinguishing feature. The uropatagium (tail membrane) is well-furred and the palate is concave.
==Taxonomy==
During the 2000s, molecular studies have revealed that the widely distributed African, Eurasian, and Australian genus ''Miniopterus'' is much more species-rich than previously thought. In a 1995 contribution to ''Faune de Madagascar'' on Malagasy bats, Randolph Peterson and colleagues listed four species of ''Miniopterus'' on Madagascar and the nearby Comoros, including the small ''Miniopterus manavi'' with a broad distribution on both Madagascar and the Comoros.〔Goodman et al., 2009a, p. 340〕 In 2008 and 2009, however, Steven Goodman and colleagues presented evidence that the former concept of ''M. manavi'' in fact encompassed five morphologically and molecularly distinct species of small ''Miniopterus''.〔Weyeneth et al., 2008; Goodman et al., 2009a, 2009b〕 These included ''M. manavi'' itself in the Central Highlands, ''M. griveaudi'' and ''M. aelleni'' in the Comoros and northern and western Madagascar, ''M. mahafaliensis'' in southwestern Madagascar, and ''M. brachytragos'' in northern and western Madagascar.〔Goodman et al., 2009a, fig. 1; 2009b, fig. 1〕 The five recognized species of ''M. manavi''-like bats are not each other's closest relatives, but apparently acquired their similarities through convergent evolution.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 28〕 At some places (for example, Namoroka) four cryptic species of ''M. manavi''-like bats, including ''M. brachytragos'', may occur together.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 30, table 7〕
''Miniopterus brachytragos'' was described as a new species in the second 2009 paper by Goodman and colleagues.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 9〕 The specific name combines the Ancient Greek ''brachys'' "short" and ''tragos'' "goat" and refers to the short tragus (a fleshy projection in the inner side of the outer ear), one of the main distinguishing features of the species; the name of this structure derives from the Greek ''tragos''.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 17〕 Analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene suggested that ''M. brachytragos'' is most closely related to the clade of ''M. manavi'' and another Malagasy species, ''M. petersoni''.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, fig. 2〕 There was some variation within the species—the most distinctive individual, from the island of Nosy Komba, differed by about 2.1% from other individuals of the same species in its cytochrome ''b'' sequence—but Goodman and colleagues regarded their samples as insufficient for clear conclusions about phylogeographic structure within the species.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 16〕
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